〜ずに

〜ずに means "without doing" something. It is the negative て-form equivalent and is more formal/literary than 〜ないで.

Formation: Verb ない-stem + ずに

• 食べない → 食べずに

• する → せずに (irregular)

• くる → こずに (irregular)

〜ずに vs 〜ないで:

| | ずに | ないで |

|---|------|--------|

| Tone | Formal, literary | Casual, spoken |

| Use | Writing, formal speech | Conversation |

Common expressions:

• 何も言わずに - Without saying anything

• 休まずに - Without resting

• 諦めずに - Without giving up

Note: For requesting not to do something, use ないで (not ずに):

• 心配しないで - Don't worry (request)