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Learn/Korean/Grammar

Korean Grammar

Master Korean grammar patterns with clear explanations, real-world examples, and interactive practice.

TOPIK I

-(으)ㄴ

Past/state noun modifier

→

-(으)ㄹ

Future/prospective noun modifier

→

-는

Present action noun modifier

→

마다

Every/each

→

밖에

Only/nothing but (with negative)

→

-기

Nominalization (turning verbs into nouns)

→

-(으)시-

Honorific infix

→

-세요/으세요

Polite request/imperative or honorific present

→

-습니다/ㅂ니다

Formal polite statement ending

→

-자

Let's (casual propositive)

→

-ㅂ시다/읍시다

Let's (formal propositive)

→

씩

Each/apiece (distributive)

→

-지 못하다

Cannot do (formal inability)

→

-지 않다

Do not / Is not (formal negation)

→

못

Cannot do / Unable to do

→

안

Not doing / Not being

→

은/는 vs 이/가

Topic marker vs Subject marker

→

에게/한테

To (a person) - dative particle

→

처럼/같이

Like, as (similarity)

→

보다

Than (comparison particle)

→

와/과, 하고, (이)랑

And / With (connecting nouns)

→

만

Only, just

→

도

Also, too, even

→

(으)로

Direction, means, or material particle

→

에서

Location of action / From (source)

→

에

Location, time, and destination particle

→

을/를

Object marker particle

→

이/가

Subject marker particle

→

은/는

Topic marker particle

→

-거나

Or (connecting verbs/adjectives)

→

-고 나서

After doing / After finishing

→

-(으)ㄹ래요

I will / Do you want to (casual intention)

→

-자마자

As soon as / The moment that

→

-아/어 있다

Is in a state (resultant state)

→

-부터...까지

From...to / Since...until

→

-겠-

Will / Would / Must be / Looks like

→

-(으)러 가다/오다

Go/come in order to do

→

-고 있다

Am/is/are doing (progressive)

→

-(으)ㄹ 거예요

Will / Going to

→

-(으)ㄴ/는데

But / Background info / By the way

→

-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다

Have done / Have experienced

→

-(으)면 안 되다

Must not / Cannot / Not allowed

→

-아/어도 되다

May / Can / It's okay to

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다

Seems like / I think / Probably

→

-(으)려고 하다

Intend to / Plan to / Try to

→

-(으)ㄹ까요?

Shall we? / Should I? / Do you think?

→

-지 말다

Don't / Stop doing

→

-아/어야 하다/되다

Must / Have to / Need to

→

-(으)ㄴ 후에

After doing

→

-기 전에

Before doing

→

-(으)ㄹ 때

When (time clause)

→

-아/어 보다

Try doing / Have done before

→

-아/어 주다

Do something for someone

→

-고 싶다

Want to do

→

-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다

Can / Cannot (ability/possibility)

→

-지만

But / Although

→

-고

And (connecting verbs/adjectives)

→

-(으)니까

Because (emphatic/justification)

→

-아/어서

Because / And then (sequential)

→

-(으)면

If / When (conditional)

→

TOPIK II

마저

Even (last remaining)

→

(이)나마

Even though just / At least

→

-아/어 빠지다

Completely (negative)

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 바

The fact that (formal)

→

-고자

Intending to (formal)

→

Other

-았/었더라면

Past counterfactual 'if had done'

→

-ㄴ/는다

Plain declarative statement

→

-음/-ㅁ

Noun-forming nominalization

→

-더라도

Strong concessive 'even if'

→

-지 않으면 안 되다

Double negative 'must'

→

-아/어 대다

Keep doing repeatedly

→

-(으)므로

Because (formal)

→

-아/어 치우다

Finish off / Get rid of

→

-다 못해

Unable to continue / Fed up with

→

-다시피

As (you know) / Almost

→

-(으)ㄹ 지경이다

To the point of

→

-(으)ㄹ 정도(로)

To the extent that

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다

Practically / Virtually

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 나머지

As a result of (excessive)

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에

Thanks to

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에

Because of (blame)

→

-기가 무섭게

As soon as (emphatic)

→

-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다

Have no choice but to

→

-기 일쑤이다

Tend to (negative habit)

→

-는 법이다

It is natural that / Supposed to

→

-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라

Not only... but also

→

-기 마련이다

Bound to / Natural that

→

-(으)ㄹ 리가 없다

There is no way / Cannot be

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 이상

Since / Now that

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 대신(에)

Instead of / In exchange for

→

-건만

But / However (literary)

→

-는 한

As long as

→

-(으)ㄹ망정

Even though / May well

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에)

While / Whereas (contrast)

→

-(으)ㄹ 바에야

Rather than / If its going to be

→

-아/어 내다

Manage to / Accomplish

→

-기 위해(서)

In order to

→

-(으)ㄹ지라도

Even if

→

-(으)ㄴ/는데도

Even though / Despite

→

만큼

As much as / To the extent

→

-는 동안

While / During

→

-자고

Quoted suggestion

→

-냐고

Quoted question

→

-(으)라고

Quoted command

→

-다고

Quoted statement

→

-고 말다

End up doing (unintended result)

→

커녕

Let alone / Far from

→

-아/어 두다

Do and keep/prepare in advance

→

조차

Even (emphatic, negative context)

→

-길래

Because (discovered reason)

→

-느라고

Because of doing (excuse/reason)

→

-든지

Whether...or / Any-

→

-(으)려면

If you want/intend to

→

(이)라도

Even if only/at least

→

뿐

Only/just (nothing more)

→

-대요/래요

Hearsay/reported speech (casual)

→

-아/어야지(요)

I should / I must / I will (resolution)

→

-던데(요)

I noticed that / I found that (past observation)

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 대로

As / According to / As soon as

→

-(으)ㄹ걸(요)

I should have / I bet / Probably

→

-기는 하다

Does do... but / It is true that... but

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 척하다

Pretend to / Act like

→

-다 보니(까)

As a result of doing / While doing... realized

→

-(으)ㄹ수록

The more... the more

→

-(으)ㄴ/는지

Whether / If (indirect question)

→

-다고 하다

Reported speech / They say that

→

-(으)ㄹ 텐데

I expect that / It will probably... but

→

-(으)ㄹ 만하다

Worth doing / Deserves to

→

-기 때문에

Because (formal reason)

→

-아/어 놓다

Do something in advance / Leave as is

→

-(으)ㄴ/는 편이다

Tend to / Rather

→

-도록

So that / In order to / To the point of

→

-다가

While doing / Then / And then switched

→

-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다

Know how to / Can / Did not know that

→

-(으)면서

While doing (simultaneous actions)

→

-는 바람에

Because of / Due to (unexpected cause)

→

-던

Used to do / Was doing (past recollection)

→

-게 되다

Coming to do something / Ending up doing

→

-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다

Almost did something

→

-기로 하다

Deciding to do something

→

-아/어 버리다

Doing something completely or regrettably

→

더니

Expressing realization or contrast

→

나 보다 vs 것 같다

I guess vs it seems

→

는 김에

While you're at it

→

-아/어 가다

Continuing action into future

→

-아/어 오다

Gradual change from past

→

-기 나름이다

'It depends on'

→

-ㄴ/는 동시에

'At the same time as'

→

-ㄴ/는 한편

'While at the same time'

→

-기는커녕

'Far from' / 'let alone'

→

-라/-어라

Plain imperative command

→

-다니까(요)

Insistence 'I\'m telling you'

→

-구나/-군

Casual realization ending

→

-는 게 어때(요)

'How about' suggestion

→

-는 게 좋다

'Better to' recommendation

→

-ㄹ 걸 그랬다

Regret expression 'should have'

→

-도록 하다

'Make sure to' expression

→

-아/어서 그런지

'Maybe because' expression

→

-아/어 가지고

Colloquial 'and then' connector

→

-나 보다

Conjecture 'seems like' (verbs)

→

-게 하다

Causative 'make someone do'

→

-아/어지다

Become / passive transformation

→

-다는/-라는

Quote as modifier

→

-다고 해서

'Because someone said'

→

-고 해서

'For reasons including'

→

-ㄹ락 말락 하다

'On the verge of' expression

→

-다 싶다

'Feel like' / 'think that'

→

-는 셈이다

'It is as if' / 'practically'

→

-ㄹ 겸

'While at it' / dual purpose

→

-기만 하면

'As long as' condition

→

-는 대로

'As soon as' / 'the way that'

→

-다며/-라며

Seeking confirmation of hearsay

→

-다니

Surprise/disbelief ending

→

-잖아(요)

'You know' assertion ending

→

얼마나 -ㄴ지

'How very...' emphasis pattern

→

-음에도 불구하고

'Despite' formal connector

→

-거니와

'And also' formal connector

→

-ㄹ 테니(까)

'Since I will' connector

→

-고 나니(까)

'After doing, realized' connector

→

-기 쉽다/어렵다

'Easy/hard to do' expression

→

-ㄹ 예정이다

'Scheduled to' expression

→

-기는요

Humble denial expression

→

-ㄹ까 하다

'Thinking of doing' expression

→

-는 중이다

'In the middle of' progressive

→

-ㄹ게(요)

Casual promise/intention ending

→

-거든(요)

Giving reason/explanation ending

→

-더라

Recollection ending

→

-네(요)

Mild observation/realization ending

→

-지

Seeking agreement ending

→

-다 보면

'If you keep doing' connector

→

-다가는

'If keep doing (bad result)' connector

→

-치고

'For a' comparative particle

→

-스럽다

'-like' characteristic suffix

→

-답다

'Befitting, like a' suffix

→

-면 되다

'Just need to' expression

→

-ㄹ지 모르다

'Might' uncertainty expression

→

-기에

Formal 'because' connector

→

-듯이

'As if' manner expression

→

-ㄴ 지

Time elapsed since

→

-냐

Casual informal question ending

→

-니

Informal question ending

→

-ㄴ가요/-는가요

Literary/formal question ending

→

-나요

Polite question marker

→